This year's United Nations global climate conference in Brazil ended on Saturday with a formal agreement that failed to address phasing out fossil fuels — the main driver of global warming.
The United States was conspicuously absent from this year's talks, known as COP30, after the Trump administration refused to send a delegation to Belém, Brazil.
In the end, the conference delivered only modest progress on international efforts to curb global warming and pay for the costs of adapting to a hotter planet.
Earlier in the week, more than 80 countries had demanded negotiators agree to a "roadmap" to transition the global economy away from fossil fuels. The group included many developing nations hit hard by climate change, along with the United Kingdom, Germany, and oil producers like Mexico and Brazil.
They said world leaders need to start drawing up concrete plans to deliver on a landmark 2023 commitment to reduce the use of oil, coal and natural gas.
However, major fossil-fuel producers including Russia and Saudi Arabia have opposed the creation of a process or timetable to move away from those energy resources.
In the end, the formal agreement did not include any mention of fossil fuels.
The president of this year's summit, André Aranha Corrêa do Lago of Brazil, acknowledged that many countries had wanted a more ambitious agreement. Two dozen countries have said they'll work alongside the U.N. in a new process focused on transitioning away from fossil fuels.
In April, Colombia and the Netherlands plan to host the first international conference focused on the issue.
Ralph Regenvanu is climate change minister of Vanuatu, an island nation facing rising sea levels. He says the new conference is the key accomplishment to emerge in Belém.
"The text is not great, but at least we have an outcome," Regenvanu says.
Here are the important take-aways from COP30.
No roadmap for fossil-fuel transition
The burning of fossil fuels remains the biggest driver of global warming. However, climate negotiators have struggled for years to agree on how countries should address the world's reliance on those resources.
Two years ago in Dubai, countries for the first time called for a global transition away from fossil fuels.
This year, dozens of countries had wanted world leaders to start coming up with plans to do just that. But in the end, there was no such deal.
The final agreement in Brazil says countries understand the "need for urgent action" to make "deep, rapid and sustained" cuts in greenhouse gas emissions, without any specific mention of fossil fuels.
Many countries were disappointed.
"There is no [climate change] mitigation if we cannot discuss transitioning away from fossil fuels," said Daniela Durán González, head of international affairs for the Colombian Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development.
Setting a roadmap to phase out fossil fuels won't be easy. The global economy still largely runs on oil, coal and natural gas, though countries are adding huge amounts of renewable energy to their electric grids.
A transition away from fossil fuels should not be imposed on countries, especially developing nations, Nigeria's delegate told the conference.
Nigeria will not support climate plans "that will lead to our sudden economic contraction and heightened social instability," the delegate said.
The planet will pass a critical temperature limit in the 2030s
COP30 came as a crucial temperature target slipped out of reach. Under the 2015 Paris Agreement, nations agreed to try to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius, or about 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit, compared to temperatures in the late 1800s.
Scientists have found that risks to people and ecosystems accelerate with every tenth of a degree beyond that limit.
But a recent United Nations report concluded that the planet will likely exceed 1.5 degrees Celsius of warming in the next decade.
It is still possible to limit that overshoot, however. If countries can cut overall greenhouse gas emissions in half by 2035, scientists say the planet would quickly return to lower levels of warming.
The world is not currently on track to meet that goal. Under current policies, global emissions are expected to fall by just 12% by 2035.
That's not nearly enough to avoid catastrophic warming, according to science from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
"The science says we need five times that much," says Alden Meyer, a senior associate at E3G, a climate change think tank. "We need a 60% reduction if we have any chance of staying close to the 1.5 Celsius temperature goal."
Little progress on funding climate action
With the world facing worsening impacts from climate change, attention has increasingly focused on ways to help nations adapt. That means money.
The challenge is especially urgent in poorer countries, which typically suffer some of the worst impacts from disasters, yet bear little responsibility for the pollution that's raising global temperatures.
At last year's climate summit in Azerbaijan, wealthy countries agreed to a deal to provide developing nations with at least $300 billion a year in financing by 2035. That's triple what poorer countries were promised under a previous commitment. The deal struck in Azerbaijan also included a broader target to boost overall climate financing for developing countries — including from the private sector — to $1.3 trillion annually within a decade.
But wealthy countries have been unreliable funders in the past. Developed nations were late meeting a prior funding commitment. And funds set up to compensate countries for climate-related damages are still mostly empty, according to U.N. Secretary General António Guterres.
Meanwhile, developing nations face growing losses from extreme weather events.
Weeks ago, for example, Hurricane Melissa hit Jamaica as a category 5 storm, causing an estimated $10 billion in damage – equal to nearly a third of the country's gross domestic product, according to Matthew Samuda, Jamaica's minister of economic growth and job creation.
The negotiations in Brazil did little clarify how additional funding will be provided. The final agreement "calls for efforts" to triple within a decade the amount of financing available to help nations adapt to a hotter world, like better flood defenses and infrastructure that's built for more extreme weather.
The deal also says countries agreed to "urgently advance actions" to boost climate financing for developing countries.
China spotlighted trade issues
With the U.S. absent from this year's talks, attention turned to China, which is both the largest current source of climate pollution, and the global leader in manufacturing green technology like solar panels, batteries and electric vehicles.
China has elevated discussions of trade at the conference, says Li Shuo, director of the China hub at the nonprofit Asia Society.
"They happen to be the country that produces the lion's share of green and low-carbon products. And they have become now a champion of free trade in this particular regard," he says. "They want the rest of the world to purchase their products."
A new conference for phasing out fossil fuels
One of the key events at the conference was the announcement of a new conference dedicated to the global phase-out of fossil fuels.
The conference will be held in Colombia, a fossil fuel producer, and co-hosted by the Netherlands - the birthplace of oil giant Shell.
Colombia's Environment Minister Irene Vélez Torres told NPR that the new conference held in Santa Marta, Colombia, will be complementary to the U.N. climate process.
"The idea of the Santa Marta conference is to have this first space in which we are completely clear that the phasing out [of fossil fuels] is necessary," Torres says.
Meyer says he isn't surprised that this new conference has emerged. " I think it reflects the frustration of both countries and NGOs who have seen very little action in this [United Nations] process," Meyer says.
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